PEN (human), one of the most abundant hypothalamic neuropeptide and derived from the proprotein ProSAAS, is an endogenous ligand of GPR83.

Mouse PEN (mPEN) and rat PEN (rPEN) only differ by one residue at the N-terminal end, whereas human PEN (hPEN) is more divergent and has the sequence PEG instead of PEN.
PEN binds and activates a GPCR in the brain.

西域 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• . Seshat M Mack, et al. Neuropeptide PEN and Its Receptor GPR83: Distribution, Signaling, and Regulation. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019 Apr 17;10(4):1884-1891.  [Content Brief]

  . Ivone Gomes, et al. Identification of GPR83 as the receptor for the neuroendocrine peptide PEN. Sci Signal. 2016 Apr 26;9(425):ra43.  [Content Brief]