Octopamine-d₄ (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Octopamine hydrochloride. Octopamine ((±)-p-Octopamine) hydrochloride, a biogenic monoamine structurally related to noradrenaline, acts as a neurohormone, a neuromodulator and a neurotransmitter in invertebrates. Octopamine hydrochloride can stimulate alpha2-adrenoceptors (ARs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha2-ARs. Octopamine hydrochloride increased glycogenolysis, glycolysis, oxygen uptake, gluconeogenesis and the portal perfusion pressure.

Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as tracers for quantitation during the drug development process. Deuteration has gained attention because of its potential to affect the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of drugs.

西域 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• . Russak EM, et al. Impact of Deuterium Substitution on the Pharmacokinetics of Pharmaceuticals. Ann Pharmacother. 2019;53(2):211-216.  [Content Brief]

  . Farooqui T. Octopamine-mediated neuromodulation of insect senses. Neurochem Res. 2007;32(9):1511-1529.  [Content Brief]

  . Roeder T. Octopamine in invertebrates. Prog Neurobiol. 1999;59(5):533-561.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Axelrod J, et al. Octopamine. Nature. 1977;265(5594):501-504.  [Content Brief]