Spermidine-¹³C₄ (hydrochloride) is the ¹³C-labeled Spermidine trihydrochloride. Spermidine hydrochloride maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine hydrochloride significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents.

Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as tracers for quantitation during the drug development process. Deuteration has gained attention because of its potential to affect the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of drugs.

西域 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• . Russak EM, et al. Impact of Deuterium Substitution on the Pharmacokinetics of Pharmaceuticals. Ann Pharmacother. 2019;53(2):211-216.  [Content Brief]

  . Zhang L, et al.  The Alleviation of Heat Damage to Photosystem II and Enzymatic Antioxidants by Exogenous Spermidine in Tall Fescue. Front Plant Sci. 2017 Oct 12;8:1747.  [Content Brief]