Cholera toxin (Choleragen), an AB(5)-subunit toxin, enters host cells by binding the ganglioside GM1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and travels retrograde through the trans-Golgi Network into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Choleragen activates adenylate cyclase by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of Gs alpha, the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein.

In the ER, a portion of Cholera toxin, the enzymatic A1-chain, is unfolded by protein disulfide isomerase and retro-translocated to the cytosol by hijacking components of the ER associated degradation pathway for misfolded proteins.
Cholera toxin acts as an ADP-ribosyltransferase to disrupt intracellular signaling in the target cell. Cholera toxin moves by vesicle carriers from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of an intoxicated cell.

西域 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• . Kellner A, et al. A binding motif for Hsp90 in the A chains of ADP-ribosylating toxins that move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Cell Microbiol. 2019;21(10):e13074.  [Content Brief]

  . Tsai SC, et al. Stimulation of choleragen enzymatic activities by GTP and two soluble proteins purified from bovine brain. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(4):1768-1772.  [Content Brief]

  . Wernick NL, et al. Cholera toxin: an intracellular journey into the cytosol by way of the endoplasmic reticulum. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(3):310-325.  [Content Brief]